【摘 要】基于主题选取课外绘本阅读素材,建立绘本与教材的联系,从而实现课内外教材融合,是教材与绘本融合的意义所在。本文结合译林版《英语》教材与“跟上兔子”系列绘本相融合的阅读教学实践,阐述主题意义引领下课内外阅读融合的方法,以提升课内外阅读教学的实效,培养学生的阅读素养。
【关键词】主题意义;阅读教学;教材融合;绘本教学
一、引言
《义务教育英语课程标准 (2022年版)》(教育部,2022;以下简称《课标》)提倡教师“在开发素材性英语课程资源时,要注意选用具有正确育人导向的,真实、完整、多样的英语材料,如与教材单元主题情境相匹配的英语绘本、短剧、时文等学习材料”。因此,要提高学生的阅读能力和阅读量,除了合理并有效地使用英语教材以外,还应适当选用优质教学资源,补充并丰富课堂教学内容。
译林版《英语》教材中的Story Time板块的语篇是具有不同主题和语言知识结构的规范文本,它作为一个单元中最主要的部分,主要是通过对话、短文、短剧等帮助学生掌握英语语言知识,发展听、说、读、写技能,初步形成用英语与他人交流的能力。但教材提供的有些阅读材料不够鲜活生动。另外,教材的阅读材料有限,仅依靠教材难以有效培养学生扎实的阅读能力和促使学生养成良好的阅读习惯,也难以满足学生不断增长的阅读体验需求。而绘本的内容丰富,富有情境,语言鲜活,可以弥补教材在语言输入方面的局限,同时绘本通常蕴含着德育主题,有助于对学生进行品德培养。
二、教材与绘本融合过程中存在的问题
在教材与绘本融合的教学过程中,有的教师教学目标定位不准,匆忙结束教材内容教学,并在引入的绘本上花大力气,但对于绘本教学缺少思考与设计,苛求面面俱到,这无疑增加了学生的学习负担,导致教学目标的偏离;学生既对教材和绘本缺少理解与体验,又忙于完成教师布置的一个个任务,缺少自主学习的机会,最终连教材中的文本都不会朗读。这样的绘本补充毫无意义。有的教师选取的绘本或是脱离学生实际生活,或是生词多、难度大,很难激发学生的阅读兴趣与动力。还有些教师选取的绘本仅仅是标题类似,但绘本内容与教材中所学语篇的主题缺少关联,这样偏离主题的绘本非但起不到辅助阅读的作用,还会分散学生的注意力。还有的阅读课上,教师直接给学生指出并阐释主题意义,学生被动接受知识,并不能结合自身的知识、经验和认知来探究主题意义。
教师应以教材为根本,依据教材中的主题语境、语言特点、育人功能,为学生选择相契合的课外素材,适时、适度地将课内外阅读教学材料相结合。而主题具有联结和统领教学内容要素的作用,为语言学习和课程育人提供语境范畴,有意义的语言学习必然是以主题为引领、以语篇为依托、以意义探究为目的展开的。教师应围绕主题意义安排教学内容,设计教学活动,引导学生在理解语篇内容、探究语篇意义的过程中体验语言的使用,感知语言并运用语言。
三、教材与绘本融合的具体教学方法
对于篇幅较长的绘本,很多教师常感到困惑,感觉高效地进行课内外融合有难度,生怕既没有教透教材内容,又因引入绘本教学而给学生增加额外的阅读负担。教师首先应明白绘本是教材单元主题相关内容的延伸与拓展,是课内阅读教学的辅助材料。教师应把握教材内容,并根据Story Time板块的主题内容、语言知识等方面,从多个维度深入挖掘与学生学习、生活有关的主题,对绘本内容进行删减、重组和整合,以配合并适应课内的教材阅读教学。以下将结合案例,从课前、课中、课后三个环节,阐述教材与绘本融合的方法。
1. 课前适时回顾绘本内容,激活主题
课前,教师可以让学生提前阅读相关联的绘本,对课上即将开启的话题进行预热。
例如,译林版《英语》(下同)六年级上册Unit 4 Then and Now中Story Time板块的文本谈到了Mike和家人的过去与现在,文本涉及Mike一家人外表、生活、交友方式及其它方面的变化,这属于人与自我主题范畴,围绕个人的生活、学习和工作展开。
笔者在执教该内容时,课前分析了文本,明确了主题,设计了与主题相关联的活动。上课伊始先与学生交流,并提问:Were you short six years ago? Could you speak English six years ago? ... 同时提取所选用绘本When I Was a Little Girl中的主要语句,如:When I was a little girl, I was like a ... I ... 指导学生利用这些语句回答教师的提问。这样就使原本简单的问答变得生动形象,同时这也是基于同一主题意义下学生最近发展区的学习活动,促使学习真正发生。教师通过课前引领学生利用绘本中的主要语句,帮助他们预先感知即将学习的语篇,并渗透教材句型。
此外,教师注重调动学生已有的基于该主题的经验,帮助学生建构和完善新的知识结构,深化对该主题的理解和认识。 为了引领学生顺利表达,教师先作示范,对学生说: When I was a little girl, I was like a running horse. I could run and run to catch insects in trees or watch frogs hunting for food. When I was a little girl, I was like a dancing butterfly. I liked to dance very much and I was good at a lot of dances. I felt confident when I was dancing. 之后把话语权交给学生,让他们回答如下问题: What were you like when you were a little boy/girl? 学生给出了多样的回答,如:
S1: When I was a little girl, I was like a cat, because I was always quiet.
S2: When I was a little boy, I was like a monkey, because I was naughty and liked climbing trees.
S3: When I was a little girl, I was like a pig. I ate a lot and slept a lot.
S4: When I was a little boy, I was like a fish. I liked swimming very much.
S5: ...
教师总结学生的回答,并过渡到下一环节: Wow, there are some changes with you. What about Mike's family? What are their changes? Today we'll read a story together. 由此自然进入教材Story Time板块的教学。
又如,某教师教学四年级下册Unit 8 “How Are You?”Story Time板块时,为了创设接近真实的语言环境,教师借用了绘本White Ghost中出现的动物,先用课件呈现绘本故事中生病的四只动物Baby Seal、Seagull、Dolphin和Octopus,而后让四位学生分别扮演这四只动物,其他学生向他们询问:What's the matter, Baby Seal/Seagull/Dolphin/Octopus? 以表示关心;而后,教师将话题转向教材语篇。师生对话如下:
Ss: What's the matter, Baby Seal/Seagull/Dolphin/Octopus?
S1(Baby Seal): Oh, I have a stomach ache.
S2(Baby Seagull): I can't fly.
S3(Baby Dolphin): My nose hurts.
S4(Baby Octopus): My leg hurts. I can't walk.
T: They are all ill. They don't look well. I'm sorry to hear that. What about our friend Yang Ling? How is she? (用课件呈现Yang Ling的头像。)
S5: Is she tired?
S6: Is she hungry and thirsty?
S7: Is she ill?
T: What's the matter with her? Let's listen.(播放录音。)
S8: She's ill too.
T: Today, we'll study Unit 8. The title of this unit is “How Are You?”(进入教材Story Time的教学。)
本节课的主题内容是生活与学习中的困难、问题及其解决方式,着重指向询问他人身体情况和提供帮助的表达。在正式进入教材学习前,授课教师借用了绘本White Ghost中的四只动物,引导学生演一演、说一说,不仅再现了内容与教材契合度高的绘本,而且使学生在自然的表演中体验主题,在表达中展现自我,同时激活学生头脑中相关主题的语言储备,为学习教材Story Time板块创设有意义的情境,并铺垫相关语言知识。
2.课中巧妙穿插绘本故事,丰富主题
在正式进行Story Time板块的教学时,教师应聚焦教材文本, 对于教材文本中的某些关键细节,可以选取合适的绘本来补充学生的课外知识,拓展学生的阅读视野,以达到丰富主题、深化主题的目的。
例如,六年级上册Unit 8 Chinese New Year的Story Time板块中谈到了中国新年,对于这个话题,学生非常熟悉且特别愿意表达,他们在课上说了很多过年时的传统习俗和自己过年时做的事情和感受,然而对于为什么将这个节日称作“过年”,他们还不太了解。为了加深学生对这一说法的理解,某教师选取了绘本 Monster Nian作为教材内容的补充。该绘本生动地描述了人们是如何驱赶年兽的故事。师生教学对话如下:
T: Why do we say “过年”? We can see a lot of red things during Chinese New Year. Do you know the reason? Here's a story. Go over the story quickly and tell us the reason.
S1: Long long ago, Monster Nian went into a village. It destroyed houses and crops. It also ate people. A beggar wore a red cloak and used firecrackers and bonfires to drive it away. After that, people put up Spring Festival couplets, light candles and set off firecrackers to avoid attack from Nian.
T: Good, that's the story. During Chinese New Year, we can see a lot of red things. Why?
S2: It means good luck.
S3: We can drive bad things away.
S4: We should say goodbye to bad things and wish all people health and wealth.
通过学习补充的绘本故事,学生更深刻地理解了过年的相关文化背景,加深了对主题的理解。此外,学生思考从绘本中获取的信息,为文化信念寻找合理解释,从而丰富自己的知识系统,同时融合课内外关于过年的知识,这也有利于学生加深对优秀文化的认同,增强国家认同感和家国情怀,坚定文化自信。
再如,四年级下册Unit 4 I Can Play Basketball中 Story Time板块的文本谈到刘涛喜欢篮球运动,但不会打篮球,后来在朋友们的鼓励下他多番尝试,最后发现自己也可以做好。在教授课文时,某教师选取了相同主题的绘本Luke's Blue Box。在探究该绘本的主题意义时,教师在文本内容的基础上引入了有着相似经历的绘本人物Luke。师生教学对话如下:
T: Do you remember the little boy Luke?
Ss: Yes.
T: Can you say something about Luke?
S1: He's in the football club. But he can't play football. He is slow at everything.
T: But his coach encourages him. He says ...
S2: Be patient. Just give him some time.
T: So when you can't do something, you can take your time to learn. Just like Luke, he can fix things well. From Liu Tao and Luke, we know: Maybe you can't play basketball. If you like it, have a try! Maybe you can't play football. If you are slow, take your time! Different kids do different things. We can, you can, everybody can. Be yourself and have some fun. Maybe you can do something else.
教师聚焦绘本中的主人公Luke,带领学生回顾并共同探究主题意义。通过引入补充的绘本,使学生从Luke的故事中明白一个道理:也许自己之前不擅长某件事,但只要自己喜欢,就可以尝试去做;如果做得不好,就别着急,慢慢来;每个人都有闪光点,要相信自己能行。教师在补充绘本的教学中引导学生联系自己的学习、生活经验,实现对语言知识的运用,探究主题背后的价值取向,丰富并深化了教材文本主题,促进了学生对相关主题的理解的完整性和深刻性。
3. 课后鼓励延伸绘本阅读,升华主题
课后延伸绘本阅读是教师经常采用的阅读教学做法。但是绘本的选取应与教材主题相关,它可以是主题的延伸或补充。
例如,在教学六年级上册Unit 4 Then and Now中的 Story Time板块时,教学完教材主人公过去和现在的变化之后,笔者引导学生思考未来的世界会是怎样的,并引入绘本Travel with Abby。该绘本谈到了将来在E Star上出现的有趣物体。教师引导学生谈论自己喜欢的物体,使其对未来世界充满无限畅想。师生教学对话如下:
T: What will happen in the future? Maybe we'll go to E Star. We'll have so many interesting things at E Star. What are they?
S1: Cleaners, cars and houses.
S2: Magic glasses, dream makers and a parking lot.
S3: Flying machines and an energy station.
T: Which one do you like best? Why?
S1: I like the houses. They are in the trees. It's great fun to live in the trees.
S2: I like the dream maker. It can make my dreams come true easily and quickly.
S3: I like the car. I can drive it in the sky. It's so cool.
S4: I like the cleaner. I can use it to do some housework.
S5: I like the magic glasses. I can see some amazing things with them.
T: After class, you can read this picture book at home. I believe you'll be interested in the E Star. You can also imagine some wonderful things on the E Star, then draw them and write about them.
教师通过设问、启发等方式引导学生主动探究所学文本的主题意义。通过学习这个绘本,将教材文本的学习延伸到了课外。这不仅是语言内容的延续,更是主题意义的延续。
又如,四年级上册Unit 5 Our New Home中Story Time板块只呈现了Su Hai 和Su Yang 搬了新家之后找东西的问答,主要是对“Where's ...? It's ... Where are ...? They're ...”句型的学习和运用,但并未谈及家的意义。笔者选取了绘本Home Is Best作为教材的补充阅读材料,升华主题Home的意义——家是我们最温暖、最舒适的港湾。师生教学对话如下:
T: We like our home. It's a warm place. Does Mr Parrot like his home? Go over the story quickly and tell me something.
S1: Mr Parrot doesn't like his home.
T: So he flies out to find different homes. He wants to find the best home. How are these houses? Can you draw a mind map?
S1: The first place is warm and nice, but somebody else lives there.
S2: The second place is good, but it's too wet and cold.
...
S3: The seventh place is too far.
T: Whose home is the best?
S4: At last, he finds that his home is the best.
T: What did you learn from the story?
S5: East or west, home is best.
S6: We love our home. We feel quiet and happy at home.
教师结合文本话题Home,充分挖掘主题意义以及主题中可能存在的情感因素,在主题意义探究活动中调动了学生已有的对于该主题的理解和认识,并通过关联紧密的语言活动和思维活动,推动学生对主题的深度学习,帮助他们建构新概念,丰富思维方式,促进其思维发展。
总之,教材与绘本融合教学有多种方式和手段。教师需要吃透课内教材,并根据学生的兴趣和需求,寻找课内外教学材料的联系,搭建课内外阅读教学的桥梁,探索并采用适宜的教学途径,促使学生接触更丰富的语料,提升阅读兴趣,丰富阅读体验,发展其阅读素养。
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参考文献
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